Objective Compared to other primary photosynthetic products (such as sucrose and starch), little is known about sugar metabolism and how it is integrated with others. Mannose-6-PHOSPHATE reductase (M6PR) is a key enzyme involved in mannitol biosynthesis in celery. This study aimed to clone the gene, express and purify the M6PR enzyme and investigate its function on mutated genes in a laboratory environment. Materials and methods First, the mRNA was extracted from the celery plant, then the cDNA was synthesized, and the product was used as a template to amplify the M6PR gene. The PCR product was purified in a DNA gel extraction kit. The purified PCR product was cloned into the pTZ57R vector according to the T/A Cloning recipe (Fermentase Company). Susceptible cells of E.coli strain Top10 were prepared using the biochemical method of calcium chloride, and the recombinant vector inside it was transformed and cultured on a plate containing ampicillin. The cloning accuracy was done using M6PR gene PCR and enzymatic digestion of the recombinant plasmid by BamHI and SacI enzymes (Fermentase Company). The M6PR gene was homogenized in the expression plasmid pET32a and transferred into E.coli strain BL2I. The promoter was induced with IPTG and analyzed by western blotting. The protein was purified by affinity chromatography column (His. Tag/S.Tag). Results The results showed that the enzyme could identify the heteroduplex regions of the gene. The recombinant M6PR purified from Escherichia coli had specific molecular activity. The results of double digestion of the plasmid with SacI and BamHI enzymes were 2870 bp and 186 bp fragments. According to the blast test result, the current fragment had 100% similarity with the M6PR gene of the celery plant. M6PR recombinant gene transcription results showed that the M6PR recombinant gene transcription rate was 2.3 in the transgenic strains and 0.32 in control, which showed a statistically significant difference at the P<0.01 level. After induction of the promoter and sampling at different times, the samples on the SDS-PAGE gel showed a protein band in the region of 42 kDa, indicating the protein's successful expression. Conclusions Homology of M6PR enzyme gene obtained from celery plant and then recombinant production of this enzyme in the laboratory can lead to its high expression in the prokaryotic system so that the enzyme has activity. Also, the present study showed that plant enzymes are active when expressed in bacteria and can be used as a suitable source to accelerate catabolic activity.

Calcium PHOSPHATE cements (CPCs), using B-tricalcium PHOSPHATE (ß-TCP, Ca3 (P04)2), dicalcium PHOSPHATE (DCP, CaHP04), calcium carbonate (Ca CO3), and hydroxylapatite (HAp, Ca10(P04)6(OH)2) as powder cement and disodium hydrogen PHOSPHATE (Na2HP04) solution as liquid component were prepared. After mixing the powder and liquid constituents, injectable and self-setting calcium PHOSPHATE cements (CPCs) were prepared with different liquid to powder ratios (UP) that formed hydroxylapatite and ß-tricalcium PHOSPHATE as the only end products, which were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. The results showed that, at certain concentration of Na2HP04 (6 wt%), the initial and final setting times decreased by decreasing the UP ratio.

Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients that is least available in the soil. There are two components of P in soil, organic and inorganic PHOSPHATE. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) are soil and rhizosphere bacteria that can benefit plant growth by different mechanisms. The ability of some microorganisms to convert insoluble P to an accessible form, like orthoPHOSPHATE, is an important trait in a PGPR for increasing plant yields. The use of PHOSPHATE solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increases P uptake by the plant and crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea and Rhizobium are among the most powerful PHOSPHATE solubilizers. The principal mechanism for mineral PHOSPHATE solubilization is the production of organic acids, and acid phosphatases play a major role in the mineralization of organic phosphorous in soil. The main method for isolation PSB is carrying out by using insoluble organic and inorganic PHOSPHATE source in solid or liquid media with monitoring of production of free orthoPHOSPHATE and decreasing pH in liquid media or production halo zone around colonies or production green, blue and yellow colonies in presence of chromogenic substrates in solid media. Although knowledge of the genetics of PHOSPHATE solubilization is still scanty, several phosphatase-encoding genes have been cloned and characterized and a few genes involved in mineral PHOSPHATE solubilization have been isolated. Molecular biology methods are a benefit approach to access and characterization of improved PGPR. Transfer and expression of PHOSPHATE (organic and inorganic PHOSPHATE) solvent encoding genes in bacteria or plants, is a new way for improving of microorganism capacitance as an inoculant.

Introduction: sustainable development and the environment are interconnected. Sustainable agriculture is continuous utilization of a farm with respect to various aspects of environmental conditions by using fewer inputs (other than Bio-fertilizers). Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for the plants. Management of soil is possible by using biological fertilizers pillar of sustainable agriculture and providing some of the phosphorus needed by plants via bio-fertilizers. …

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria from two PHOSPHATE mines and to investigate their soil PHOSPHATE solubility ability. Eighty five colonies with different morphologies were isolated and purified using the liquid Sperber culture medium enriched with Yazd’ Esphordi soil PHOSPHATE (YESP) and a form of diluents series in the Sparber solid culture medium enriched with YESP. Four out of 85 isolates (Rpy: from Esfordi mine and Tkd/4, Ggd/4 & Rpd/4 from Jiroud mine) with the highest amount of dissolved phosphorus in the Sperber liquid medium enriched with YESP as superior isolates were selected. With using 16S rRNA gene sequencing the isolates Tkd/4, Rpd/4, Rpy and Ggd/4 were recognized very closely (more than 99%) to Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Sphingobium yanoikuyae, Bacillus pumilus and Pantoaea aglomerans genera respectively. The multifold release of phosphorus by these isolates compared to the control from three PHOSPHATE sources showed that these bacteria can dissolve other PHOSPHATE sources.

There are definite relations among growth of plants and function of roots and shoots. Interactions between shoot and roots can also be characterized and quantified by allometric relationships. In order to study the effect of PHOSPHATE solubilizing bacteria and other PHOSPHATE fertilizers effects on allometeic relationship for root and shoot of rice, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The filed experiment was conducted at the Rice Research Institute located in Tonekabon-Iran. Fertilizer treatments included microbial bioPHOSPHATE, PHOSPHATE solubilizing bacteria (PSB), rock PHOSPHATE (A), triple super PHOSPHATE (TSP), triple superPHOSPHATE %50 (TSP50%), triplesuper PHOSPHATE%50 + PSB and rock PHOSPHATE + PSB. Root and shoot characteristics including root dry weight (RDW), leaf dry weight (LDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), total dry weight (TDW) and rate of root/shoot were determined. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different treatments on the allometric coefficient was significant (P<0.05). Shoot dry weight and total dry weight were the highest in A+PSB treatment. The highest rate of RDW and rate of root/shoot were obtained in A+PSB treatment while the highest LDW was observed in TSP50% treatment. Allometric coefficient was the highest in A+PSB treatment.

Increasing in application of PHOSPHATE fertilizers and their expensiveness are reasons to seek a way to use PHOSPHATE rocks directly in agriculture. Zeoponic substrates are new approach for using PHOSPHATE rocks (apatite) in plant production. This study was carried out to determine PHOSPHATE rocks efficiency in zeoponic substrate in greenhouse rose culture in Tehran University, Faculty of Agriculture in 2004-2005. Two different kinds of Iran’s apatite rocks with different characteristics were used in five substrates as main-plots and five different nutrient solutions for nourishing the plant were used as sub-plots in a split-plot arrangement-using randomized complete block design with three replications. Apatite content in substrats, solutions concentration and phosphorous element varied in this investigation. Results showed that root growth and root dry weight in substrates without apatite or of low amount of apatite, were greatr than other treatments. Different nutrient solutions had no significant effect on root growth, however, root dry matter production reduced when solution concentration reduced and phosphorous was eliminated from the nutrient solutions. Phosphorus content of roots in substrates that had low amount of apatite was greater than other substates including control, however, this differences were not significant. Solutions that contained high concentration and phosphorous element resulted in high phosphorous content in roots in comparison with solutions contained low concentration and without phosphorous element, but the differences were not significant.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most vital elements for all living organisms which acts as a constituent of essential biomolecules such as nucleic acids, phospholipids, and phosphosugars, and as a major contributor to almost all metabolic reactions including photosynthesis, respiration, and energy delivery. It is one of the most needed nutrients for plant growth and development. Despite high levels of P in the soil, plants absorb it only in the soluble inorganic form of free PHOSPHATE ion (Pi) which is scarce in soil. Therefore, there has been a large demand for Pi fertilizers to secure crop yields, yet its deposition in soil and gradual run-off into water reservoirs lead to chains of events that cause irreversible damages to ecosystems. Researches, including genome-wide data analyses, have revealed interesting molecular aspects of plant adaptive strategies to deal with low Pi concentrations in soil. These include the higher expression of acid phosphatases and Pi transporters as well as the secretion of organic acids in the rhizosphere that maintain cellular Pi homeostasis in order to keep metabolic reactions running. Describing the cycle of Pi exchange between physical and biological worlds, the extent to which current agricultural practices are disturbing the cycle, the necessity of introducing lessdestructive methods of providing Pi, and alternative measures and solutions for sustainable agriculture will be discussed in this review.

We present acute PHOSPHATE nephropathy in a 28-year-old man, which was developed after a car accident due to rhabdomyolysis. Treatment of acute kidney injury was done with administration of sodium bicarbonate.